Plate+Tectonics

.

INTRODUCTORY QUESTIONS Section 1 Review (1-3) pg 101; Section 2 Review (1-3) pg 104; Section 3 Review (1-4) pg 115



How could the same types of fossilized plants and animals,  also dated from the same time period,  be found in both South America and Africa?  How could the identical fossils be found in Europe, North America, Madagascar and India?  These organisms would not have been able to travel across our vast oceans that currently exist! The Theory of Continental Drift... Referring to how the continents moved into their current positions. French Geographer and scientist, Antonio Snider first proposed horizontal movement of continents in 1859.  __He discovered of identical plant fossils in both Europe and North America.__ He published his book, //"La Création et ses mystères dévoilés//" (Creation and its Mysteries Unveiled) in Paris. The statements of Creation in Genesis 1:9-10 was the cornerstone for his exploratory thought.  (about the gathering together of the seas in one place - which illustrates the idea that there was one landmass) He also hypothesized that the movement of the plates were done catastrophically during the Genesis flood.

The theory of continental drift was popularly documented in 1912 with German Meterologist Alfred Wegener,  who proposed the idea of a large, single continent which he called Pangaea, which means "all lands" <span style="color: #187c7c; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;">Now, it is a widespread scientific view that Pangea would have taken millions of years to break apart. <span style="color: #e50b0b; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 156%; text-align: center;">

<span style="color: #e50b0b; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 156%; text-align: center;"> **Sea Floor Spreading** <span style="color: #e50b0b; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 156%; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #008000; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140.4%; text-align: center;">Harry Hess came up with the theory of seafloor spreading. <span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140.4%; text-align: center;">He proposed that hot, less dense magma below the earth's crust <span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140.4%; text-align: center;"> would rise towards the earth's surface at the mid-ocean ridges. <span style="color: #b02727; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140.4%; text-align: center;">It would flow sideways and as it cools, it solidifies and forms new seafloor <span style="color: #e50b0b; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 156%; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #1b8d39; display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 167%; text-align: center;">Combined continental drift & seafloor spreading with mantle movement <span style="color: #1b8d39; display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 167%; text-align: center;"> is referred to as the... <span style="color: #1b8d39; display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 167%; text-align: center;"> "__Theory of Plate Tectonics__" <span style="color: #b02727; display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; font-size: 140%; text-align: center;"> The word tectonics refers to the forces causing the movement of the Earth's rock formations and plates <span style="color: #e53b0b; display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: center;">*What Causes Plate Tectonics* <span style="color: #e50b0b; display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 156%; text-align: center;">Convection Currents causing Mantle Material to Move <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;">__Convection__-The heating, rising, cooling, and sinking of the mantle. <span style="color: #b02727; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 130%; text-align: center;">

<span style="color: #b02727; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 130%; text-align: center;"> The term "__**plate**__" refers to a section of the earth's crust and mantle that are broken. <span style="color: #b12f2f; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: center;">*Plates are made up of the __earth's crust__ (oceanic and continental crust) and the __upper mantle__ <span style="color: #ff4c00; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: center;">*The combined crust and upper mantle is referred to as the __Lithosphere__ <span style="color: #ff4c00; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: center;"> (in Greek it means rocky sphere) <span style="color: #680808; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;">*The __Asthenosphere__ is the portion of the upper mantle just below the lithosphere; involved in plate movements <span style="color: #680808; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;"> (in Greek it means weak sphere)

<span style="color: #808000; display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 166%; text-align: center;"> Plate Boundaries



Geologists identify **__three__** different types of movements at the plate boundaries. <span style="color: #b12f2f; display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 156%; text-align: center;">These basic types of plate boundaries are: <span style="color: #1b8d39; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;">**__1. Divergent Plate Movement__** <span style="color: #1b8d39; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;"> (plates spreading away from each other; also known to cause seafloor spreading) <span style="color: #488e48; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;">2. __**Convergent Plate Movement**__ <span style="color: #488e48; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;"> (plates collide; mountains and volcanoes can be made) <span style="color: #488e48; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #488e48; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;"> 3. **__Lateral (Transform) Plate Movement__** <span style="color: #488e48; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;"> (plates move sideways; against each other)

Geologists identify __**four**__ different features created by the movement of plate boundaries. <span style="color: #b12f2f; display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 156%; text-align: center;">These basic types of landscape features are: <span style="color: #1b8d39; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;">**__1.Seafloor Spreading__** <span style="color: #1b8d39; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;"> (oceanic plates continue to separate; rising magma cools and new oceanic crust forms)

<span style="color: #1b8d39; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;"> **__2.Rift Valleys__** <span style="color: #1b8d39; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;"> (continental plates separate; a valley is formed) <span style="color: #1b8d39; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: #1b8d39; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;"> **__3.Subduction__** <span style="color: #1b8d39; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;"> (oceanic and continental plates collide; the oceanic plate goes below the less dense continental plate) <span style="color: #1b8d39; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;"> (As the oceanic plate goes deeper, it turns to magma and then rises (less dense) forming a volcano <span style="color: #1b8d39; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;">

<span style="color: #1b8d39; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;"> **__4.Continental Collision__** <span style="color: #1b8d39; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;"> (two continental plates hit each other; they push the crust forming mountains) <span style="color: #1b8d39; display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;">

<span style="color: #b02727; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: center;">Need some practice?

<span style="color: #b02727; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 126%; text-align: center;">check these links out <span style="color: #b02727; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 126%; text-align: center;"> [|Practice Quiz 1] <span style="color: #b02727; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 126%; text-align: center;"> [|Practice Quiz 2] <span style="color: #b02727; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 126%; text-align: center;"> [|Practice Quiz 3] <span style="color: #b02727; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 126%; text-align: center;">[|Review]